ASTM International Datasheets for Standards and Technical Documents
Standards and technical documents includes standards, codes, regulation, handbooks, manuals, comprehensive guides and other formal publications. Standards, codes, and regulation establish uniform specifications, procedures or technical criteria.
Standards and Technical Documents: Learn more
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1.1 Flatness is a significant quality characteristic of coated sheet products. Sheet flatness is affected by mill process factors plus the grade, thickness and width of the material supplied. It... | |
1.1 Flatness is a significant quality characteristic of steel sheet products. Sheet flatness is affected by mill process factors plus the grade, thickness and width of the material supplied. It... | |
1.1 General-This specification covers the qualification requirements and test methods of mechanical splices for reinforcing bars. Qualification requirements are located in Annex A1. The various tests herein described can be... | |
1.1 These test methods cover mechanical tests described in ASTM, EN, ISO and JIS standards that utilize the SI system of units. The test methods in each system are not... | |
1.1 These test methods cover mechanical tests described in ASTM, EN, ISO, and JIS standards that utilize the SI system of units. The test methods in each system are not... | |
1.1 These test methods cover mechanical tests described in ASTM, EN,2 ISO,3 and JIS4 standards that utilize the SI system of units. The test methods in each... | |
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of mechanical splices for reinforcing bars. The various tests herein described can be specified in total or individually. 1.2 The test methods herein... | |
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of mechanical splices for reinforcing bars. The various tests herein described can be specified in total or individually. 1.2 The test methods herein... | |
1.1 These test methods describe procedures for testing the mechanical as well as relaxation properties of multi-wire steel strand. 1.2 These test methods are intended for use in evaluating specific... | |
1.1 These test methods describe procedures for testing the mechanical properties of multi-wire steel prestressing strand. 1.2 These test methods are intended for use in evaluating specific strand properties prescribed... | |
1.1 This document provides guidance in determining absorbed-dose distributions (mapping) in products, materials or substances irradiated in gamma, X-ray (bremsstrahlung) and electron beam facilities. Note 1: For irradiation of food... | |
1.1 This guide covers ASTM Subcommittees A01.02, A01.03, A01.06, A01.09, A01.11, A01.15, A01.19, A01.22, and A01.28 for specifying chemical composition limits of wrought carbon, low-alloy, and alloy steels. It is... | |
1.1 This guide covers procedures for interpreting the specific core loss and peak permeability determined using small single-sheet test systems. It is limited to single-sheet test systems that require a... | |
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for using life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis techniques to evaluate alternative corrosion protection system designs that satisfy the same functional requirements. 1.2 The LCC technique... | |
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for using life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis techniques to evaluate alternative corrosion protection system designs that satisfy the same functional requirements. 1.2 The LCC technique... | |
1.1 This practice covers definitions and procedures for measuring flatness characteristics of uncoated steel sheet and nonmetallic and metallic-coated steel sheet. The methods described are designed and intended to be... | |
1.1 This practice covers procedures for establishing the acceptability of metallic-coated steel sheet, painted metallic-coated steel sheet and painted nonmetallic-coated steel sheet for use as cold formed framing members. 1.2... | |
1.1 This practice covers procedures for establishing the acceptability of metallic-coated steel sheet, painted metallic-coated steel sheet and painted nonmetallic-coated steel sheet for use as cold formed framing members. 1.2... | |
1.1 This practice covers procedures for establishing the acceptability of metallic-coated steel sheet, painted metallic-coated steel sheet, and painted nonmetallic-coated steel sheet for use as cold formed framing members. 1.2... | |
1.1 This practice covers the determination of comparative hardness values by applying the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance Method (UCI Method). 1.2 The measured values are stated in SI units, which are... | |
1.1 This practice covers the determination of comparative hardness values by applying the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance Method (UCI Method). 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded... | |
1.1 This practice covers the determination of comparative hardness values by applying the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance Method (UCI Method). 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the... | |
1.1 This practice covers the determination of hypoeutectoid steel phase transformation behavior by using high-speed dilatometry techniques for measuring linear dimensional change as a function of time and temperature, and... | |
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for preparation, testing, and using the acidic aqueous ferrous ammonium sulfate solution dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to ionizing... | |
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in an individual specification, shall apply to ferroalloys and other charge materials under each of the following... | |
1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that, unless otherwise specified in an individual specification, shall apply to the ASTM product specifications noted below. 1.2 In the case of... | |
1.1 This specification covers a precipitation hardening bolting material (UNS N07718) for high temperature service. | |
1.1 This specification covers a quality of round and shaped plain carbon and alloy steel spring wire, uniform in quality and temper, intended for the manufacture of mechanical springs that... | |
1.1 This specification covers carbon steel tee rails of nominal weights of 60 lb/yd (29.8 kg/m) and over for use in railway track, including export and industrial applications. 1.2 Supplementary... | |
1.1 This specification covers carbon-steel wire and welded wire reinforcement produced from hot-rolled rod to be used for the reinforcement of concrete. The steel wire is cold-worked, drawn or rolled,... | |
1.1 This specification covers cast alloy steels in the normalized and tempered or quenched and tempered condition, in section sizes through 37 in. (940 mm), suitable for high strain gradient... | |
1.1 This specification covers Chromium-Molybdenum- Tungsten alloy steel plates intended primarily for welded boilers and pressure vessels designed for elevated temperature service. 1.2 Plates are available under this specification in... | |
1.1 This specification covers coated steel sheet used in the manufacture of cold-formed framing members, such as, but not limited to, studs, joists, purlins, girts, and track. 1.2 The steel... | |
1.1 This specification covers cold rolled structural, high-strength low-alloy, and high-strength low-alloy with improved formability steel sheet, in coils and cut lengths. 1.2 Cold rolled steel sheet is available in... | |
1.1 This specification covers cold-formed electric resistance or electric induction welded carbon structural steel tubing in round, square, rectangular, or special shapes that are zinc-coated (galvanized) on the exterior surface... | |
1.1 This specification covers cold-rolled, carbon, structural, high-strength low-alloy, and high-strength low-alloy with improved formability steel sheet, in coils and cut lengths. 1.2 Cold rolled steel sheet is available in... | |
1.1 This specification covers cold-rolled, carbon, structural, high-strength low-alloy, high-strength low-alloy with improved formability, solution hardened, and bake hardenable steel sheet, in coils and cut lengths. 1.2 Cold rolled steel... | |
1.1 This specification covers commercial and structural steel sheet in coils and cut lengths produced by the twin-roll casting process. 1.2 The steel sheet is available in the designations listed... | |
1.1 This specification covers commercial and structural steel sheet in coils and cut lengths produced by the twin-roll casting process. 1.2 The steel sheet is available in the designations listed... | |
1.1 This specification covers double submerged-arc welded, black, plain end steel pipe for use in the conveyance of fluids under pressure. Pipe in sizes NPS 16 and larger, as given... | |
1.1 This specification covers forged carbon steel piping components for ambient- and higher-temperature service in pressure systems. Included are flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts ordered either to dimensions specified... | |
1.1 This specification covers furnace-butt-welded, black, plain-end or threaded-end, steel pipe for use in the conveyance of fluids under pressure. Pipe in sizes NPS ½ to 4, inclusive, with nominal... | |
1.1 This specification covers furnace-butt-welded, black, plain-end or threaded-end, steel pipe for use in the conveyance of fluids under pressure. Pipe in sizes NPS 1/2 to 4, inclusive,... | |
1.1 This specification covers Grades 50 [345] and 65 [450] alloy steel "W" shapes (rolled wide flange shapes) intended for use in building framing. This steel is a low carbon,... | |
1.1 This specification covers grades of ferrosilicon for steelmaking and foundry uses. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of... | |
1.1 This specification covers hot rolled, heavy thickness coils beyond the size limits of specification A1011. 1.2 The product is available in three designations; Structural Steel, and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel,... | |
1.1 This specification covers hot-rolled structural, high strength-low alloy, and high-strength low-alloy with improved formability steel sheet and strip, in coils and cut lengths. 1.2 Hot rolled steel sheet and... | |
1.1 This specification covers hot-rolled, carbon, structural, high-strength low-alloy, and high-strength low-alloy with improved formability steel sheet and strip, in coils and cut lengths. 1.2 Hot rolled steel sheet and... | |
1.1 This specification covers hot-rolled, carbon, structural, high-strength low-alloy, high-strength low-alloy with improved formability, and ultra-high strength steel sheet and strip, in coils and cut lengths. 1.2 Hot rolled steel... | |
1.1 This specification covers hot-rolled, heavy thickness coils beyond the size limits of Specifications A 506 and A 507. 1.2 The product is available in three designations: Alloy, Drawing Steel,... | |
1.1 This specification covers hot-rolled, heavy-thickness coils beyond the size limits of Specification A 1011/A 1011M. 1.2 The product is available in five designations: Commercial Steel, Drawing Steel, Structural Steel,... | |
1.1 This specification covers hot-rolled, heavy-thickness coils beyond the size limits of Specification A 1011/A 1011M. 1.2 The product is available in six designations: Commercial Steel, Drawing Steel, Structural Steel,... | |
1.1 This specification covers laser beam welded, black, plain end steel pipe for use in the conveyance of fluids under pressure. Pipe in sizes NPS 1 to 26, inclusive, with... | |
1.1 This specification covers low-carbon, chromium, steel bars, deformed and plain for concrete reinforcement in cut lengths and coils. The standard sizes and dimensions of deformed bars and their number... | |
1.1 This specification covers martensitic chromium stainless steel forgings, forged bar, and forging stock for high temperature service. The mechanical properties are developed by suitable heat treatment, as indicated for... | |
1.1 This specification covers material and performance requirements for plasticized PVC compression gaskets used in the connection of residential and commercial vitreous china plumbing fixtures to 2, 3 and 4-in. | |
1.1 This specification covers material and performance requirements for plasticized PVC compression gaskets used in the connection of residential and commercial vitreous china plumbing fixtures to 2-, 3-, and 4-in. | |
1.1 This specification covers material and performance requirements for plasticized PVC compression gaskets used in the connection of residential and commercial water closets to 3 and 4-in. sanitary drainage pipe. | |
1.1 This specification covers minimum wall thickness welded tubes made from carbon and carbon manganese steels listed in , with various grades intended for use in boiler, superheater, heat exchanger,... | |
1.1 This specification covers nickel-aluminum ordered alloy castings intended for heat-resisting and elevated-temperature applications such as heat-resistant alloy structural members, containers, supports, hangers, spacers, and so forth, in environments up... | |
1.1 This specification covers one grade of ferrovanadium. 1.2 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information... | |
1.1 This specification covers polymer precoated, closed rib steel pipe, intended for use for storm water drainage, under-drains, the construction of culverts, and similar uses. Pipe covered by this specification... | |
1.1 This specification covers seamless carbon steel pipe for high-temperature service (Note 1) in NPS 1/8 to NPS 48 inclusive, with nominal (average) wall thickness as given in ANSI B... | |
1.1 This specification covers seamless, black, plain-end steel pipe for use in the conveyance of fluids under pressure. Pipe in sizes NPS 1 to 26, inclusive, as given in ASME... | |
1.1 This specification covers seven regular grades of ferrosilicon for steelmaking and foundry uses designated A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, and subgrades designated as low-aluminum, boron-bearing, and... | |
1.1 This specification covers stainless steel wire and welded wire reinforcement produced from hot-rolled stainless steel rod. The stainless steel wire is cold-worked, drawn or rolled, plain (non-deformed) or deformed... | |
1.1 This specification covers steel sheet, produced by the Twin-Roll Cast process (see Appendix X2) and zinc-coated (galvanized) by the hot-dip process in coils and cut lengths. Note 1: See... | |
1.1 This specification covers steel stud assemblies for shear reinforcement of concrete. Stud assemblies consist of either single-headed studs (Type 1) attached to a structural steel base rail by structural... | |
1.1 This specification covers steel stud assemblies for shear reinforcement of concrete. Stud assemblies consist of either single-headed studs attached to a steel base rail by welding, or double-headed studs... | |
1.1 This specification covers steel wire and welded wire reinforcement produced from hot-rolled rod to be used for the reinforcement of concrete. The steel wire is cold-worked, drawn or rolled,... | |
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for protective zinc coatings (hereinafter referred to as the coatings) to be applied by the thermo-diffusion coating (TDC) method, to various products made... | |
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the more common types of stranded steel wire ropes. Included in this specification are wire ropes in various grades and constructions from... | |
1.1 This specification covers the materials and testing of cast iron couplings for joining hubless cast iron soil pipe and fittings for sizes 1½ to 10 in. 1.2 It is... | |
1.1 This specification covers the materials and testing of cast iron couplings for joining hubless cast iron soil pipe and fittings for sizes 11/2 to 10 in. | |
1.1 This specification covers the requirements to which the specified grades of soft magnetic MnZn ferrite materials shall conform. Cores made from these materials are used primarily in power transformers... | |
1.1 This specification covers three Types and two Grades of cold formed electric-fusion (arc) welded high-strength low-alloy steel tubing of 50 ksi [345 MPa] minimum yield point for use in... | |
1.1 This specification covers two grades, 36 [250] and 50 [345] of rolled steel structural shapes and plates with low yield to tensile ratio for use in building framing or... | |
1.1 This specification covers two types of ferrochromium designated as high carbon and low carbon, the latter including nitrogen-bearing and vacuum grades. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are... | |
1.1 This specification covers uncoated and four classes of round, metallic coated, cold-drawn, carbon steel wire for wire rope in five strength levels. This specification specifies: 1.1.1 Dimensional tolerances, 1.1.2... | |
1.1 This specification covers zinc-coated steel welded wire reinforcement, plain and deformed, or a combination of deformed and plain wires, for reinforcement of concrete, in sizes not less than 0.080... | |
1.1 This specification covers zinc-coated steel welded wire reinforcement, plain and deformed, or a combination of deformed and plain wires, for reinforcement of concrete, in sizes not less than 0.080?in. | |
1.1 This specification defines the geometries of several separately cast and integrally cast test coupons for use as specified in the applicable casting product or common requirements standard. This standard... | |
1.1 This specification defines the geometries of several separately-cast and integrally-cast test coupons for use as specified in the applicable casting product or common requirements standard. This standard does not... | |
1.1 This specification describes seamless and welded ferritic, austenitic and duplex alloy steel tubing on which the external or internal surface, or both, has been modified by a cold forming... | |
1.1 This standard covers guidelines for ordering and examining tubular products for sanitary applications by videoborescoping. This method uses movable camera probe at the end of a cable to examine... | |
1.1 This standard covers the inspection requirements agreed upon by the purchaser and producer of steel castings for the sample castings prior to production of the completed order. This standard... | |
1.1 This standard provides a guide to ASTM Subcommittees A01.02, A01.03, A01.06, A01.09, A01.11, A01.15, A01.19, A01.22, and A01.28 for specifying chemical composition limits of wrought carbon, low-alloy, and alloy... | |
1.1 This test method covers the determination of comparative hardness values by applying the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance Method (UCI Method). 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be... | |
1.1 This test method covers the determination of comparative hardness values by applying the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance Method (UCI Method). 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be... | |
1.1 This test method covers the equipment, procedures, and measurement of core loss of either toroidal or mated soft magnetic core components, such as soft ferrite cores, iron powder cores,... | |
1.1 This test method describes procedures to determine the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) resistance of hard drawn steel wire used for prestressing concrete pipe. 1.2 HE resistance is reported as time-to-failure... | |
1.1 This test method describes procedures to determine the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) resistance of hard-drawn steel wire used for prestressed concrete pipe. 1.2 HE resistance is reported as time-to-failure of... | |
1.1 This test method provides procedures for the leak testing of tubing using pneumatic pressure. This test method involves measuring the change in pressure inside the tubing over time. There... | |
Methods of Sampling Ferro-Alloys (Withdrawn March 1939) | |
Specification for Mild Steel Plates | |
Standard Specification for Ferrochromium | |
Standard Specification for Ferrosilicon | |
These test methods cover procedures for the mechanical testing of wrought and cast steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. Tension, bend, Rockwell hardness, portable hardness, brinell, and charpy impact tests... | |
This specification covers a group of common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in an individual specification, shall apply to ferroalloys and other alloying materials. The chemical analysis method shall be... | |
This specification covers a precipitation hardening bolting material (UNS N07718) for high temperature service. The alloy shall be multiple melted using consumable electrode practice in the remelt cycle or shall... | |
This specification covers cast alloy steels in the normalized and tempered or quenched and tempered condition, suitable for high strain gradient conditions. One test block for each heat is required. | |
This specification covers chromium-molybdenum- tungsten alloy steel plates intended primarily for welded boilers and pressure vessels designed for elevated temperature service. The plates shall be available in three grades, namely... | |
This specification covers coils and cut lengths of steel sheets produced by the twin-roll cast process and zinc-coated (galvanized) by the hot-dip process. The material is available in several designations,... | |
This specification covers cold-rolled, carbon steel sheets, in coils and cut lengths, in the following designations: commercial steels (CS Types A, B, and C); drawing steel (DS Types A and... | |
This specification covers composite corrugated steel pipe, intended for uses such as storm water drainage, sanitary sewers, underdrains, construction of culverts, and similar uses. The composite material used in fabrication... | |
Standard Specification for Zinc and Epoxy Dual-Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars -- ASTM A1055/A1055M-10
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This specification covers deformed and plain steel reinforcing bars with a dual coating of zinc alloy and an epoxy coating. The zinc alloy layer shall be applied by the thermal... |
This specification covers different sizes of one grade of ferrovanadium. The material shall undergo chemical analysis and shall conform to the requirements as to composition of the following chemical elements:... | |
This specification covers double submerged-arc welded, black, plain end steel pipes for use in the conveyance of fluids under pressure. The pipes shall be capable of being welded in the... | |
This specification covers ferritic/austenitic (duplex) stainless steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steels shall be manufactured using melting and forging processes. Forgings may be machined before... | |
This specification covers general requirements for ferritic alloy steel, austenitic alloy steel, and stainless steel tubes. The steel shall made by any process. The material shall conform to the tensile... | |
This specification covers grades of ferrosilicon used for steel-making and foundry. The grades shall conform to the required chemical composition for silicon, carbon, sulfur, phosphorous, aluminum, manganese, calcium, and boron. | |
This specification covers high-strength low-alloy structural steel plates that were produced by the thermo-mechanical controlled process (TMCP). This method consists of rolling reductions and cooling rate controls, which result in... | |
This specification covers higher strength chromium-molybdenum- tungsten alloy steel forgings intended primarily for use in boilers and pressure vessels for elevated temperature service. Materials shall be manufactured by melting processes,... | |
This specification covers hot-rolled, carbon, structural, high-strength low-alloy, high-strength low-alloy with improved formability, and ultra-high strength steel sheet and strip, in coils and cut lengths. The steels covered here are:... | |
This specification covers low-carbon, chromium, steel bars, deformed and plane for concrete reinforcement in cut lengths and coils. The bars shall be rolled from properly identified heats of mold cast... | |
This specification covers martensitic chromium stainless steel forgings, forged bars, and forging stock for high-temperature service. The mechanical properties are developed by suitable heat treatment, as indicated for each alloy. | |
This specification covers metallic-coated, painted metallic-coated, and painted nonmetallic-coated steel sheet used in the manufacture of cold-formed framing members, such as, but not limited to, studs, joists, purlins, girts, and... | |
This specification covers nickel-aluminum ordered alloy castings intended for heat-resisting and elevated-temperature applications such as heat-resistant alloy structural members, containers, supports, hangers, spacers, and so forth. The alloy for the... | |
This specification covers round, shaped and flat rolled plain carbon and alloy steel spring wires, uniform in quality and temper, intended for the manufacture of mechanical springs that can withstand... | |
This specification covers seam welded ferritic-martensitic stainless steel pipe intended for abrasive and general corrosion service. The pipes are classified according to sizes, from NPS 2 to NPS 36. The... | |
This specification covers stainless steel bars for compressor and turbine bucket, blade, and airfoil applications. Materials shall be produced by basic electric furnace melting process with argon-oxygen-decarbu rization refining or... | |
This specification covers stainless steel wire and welded wire reinforcements from hot-rolled stainless steel rod to be used as concrete reinforcement with corrosion resistant and magnetic permeability properties. The material... | |
This specification covers standard requirements for chromium-tungsten-mo lybdenum-vanadium, with or without tantalum, alloy steel plates intended primarily for welded boilers and pressure vessels designed for elevated temperature service. The steel... | |
Standard Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, Seamless -- ASTM A1024/A1024M-02(2007)
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This specification covers standard requirements for seamless, black, plain-end steel pipes for use in the conveyance of fluids under pressure. A quantity of pipe of the same ordered diameter, heat,... |
This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is, flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and higher-temperature service conditions. Materials... | |
This specification covers standards for hot-rolled, heavy-thickness steel sheet and strip coils. The materials shall come in the following designations: (a) Commercial Steel (or CS) of Types A and B,... | |
This specification covers steel sheet in coils and cut lengths coated with zinc-aluminum-magnes ium alloy by hot-dip process intended for applications requiring corrosion resistance and paintability. The steel sheet shall... | |
This specification covers steel tubes, carbon and carbon manganese, fusion welded, for boiler, superheater, heat exchanger and condenser application. After welding, all tubes shall be heat treated and followed by... | |
This specification covers stranded steel wire ropes of various grades and constructions manufactured from uncoated or metallic coated wire and cord products manufactured from metallic coated wire. Dimensional characteristics include... | |
This specification covers technically important, commercially available, magnetically hard sintered ceramic ferrite permanent magnets. Both barium and strontium ferrite materials are covered by this specification. Both isotropic (1 type) and... | |
This specification covers technically important, commercially available, magnetically hard sintered ceramic ferrite permanent magnets. Magnetic properties such as remanence, coercive field strength, and relative recoil permeability shall be measured. The... | |
This specification covers the inspection requirements agreed upon by the purchaser and producer of steel castings for the sample castings prior to production of the completed order. This specification identifies... | |
This specification covers the material, dimensional and mechanical property requirements for plain and deformed steel wire and welded wire reinforcements produced from hot-rolled rods that are to be used for... | |
This specification covers the standard for martensitic stainless steel for various structural, architectural, pressure vessel, and heat-resisting applications. The material shall undergo heat-treatment by tempering. The steel shall conform to... | |
This specification covers the standard requirements for laser beam welded, black plain end steel pipe for use in the conveyance of fluids under pressure. Dimensions and weight [mass] per unit... | |
This specification covers two types of ferrochromium designated as high carbon and low carbon, the latter including nitrogen-bearing and vacuum grades. The grades which are available in different sizes shall... | |
This specification covers uncoated and four classes of round, metallic coated, cold-drawn, carbon steel wire rope in five strength levels. The following materials testing procedures shall be conducted: standard tensile... | |
This specification deals with carbon steel tee rails for use in railway track, including export and industrial applications. Rails shall be furnished by as-rolling, head hardening, or fully heat treatment... | |
This specification deals with polymer precoated, closed rib steel pipes intended for use for storm water drainage, underdrains, the construction of culverts, and similar uses. The pipes covered here are... | |
This specification deals with soft magnetic manganese zinc ferrite core materials for high frequency power transformer and filter inductor applications. Standard types of both power transformer and filter inductor material... | |
This specification deals with the hot-rolled, heavy thickness coils available for three designations: alloy steel, drawing steel, and structural alloy steel. Alloy steel is intended for general or miscellaneous use... | |
This specification defines the geometries of several separately-cast and integrally-cast test coupons for use as specified in the applicable casting product or common requirements standard. Procedures for molding, casting, heat... | |
This specification describes seamless and welded ferritic, austenitic and duplex alloy steel tubing on which the external or internal surface, or both, has been modified by a cold forming process... |
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